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225) the relationship between nature and nurture varies by age and context (Young-Wolff et al., 2011).īiological sex (XX or XY) and gender (cultural) also affect the risk of alcoholism. It is impossible to specify how much alcoholism is genetic or cultural because these influences are "inexorably intertwined" (Dick, 2011, p. A quick temper, sensation seeking, or high anxiety encourage drinking. Inherited psychological traits affect alcoholism as much as biological ones (Macgregor et al., 2009). To be specific, each person's biochemistry reacts to alcohol, causing sleep, nausea, aggression, joy, relaxation, forgetfulness, sexual urges, or tears. Gene, psychological, biological sex and genderĪs you might expect, alcoholism begins with genes that create an addictive pull that can be overpowering, extremely weak, or somewhere in between. Total abstinence requires that all women who might become pregnant avoid a legal substance that most adults use routinely. By contrast, women in the United Kingdom receive conflicting advice about drinking an occasional glass of wine (Raymond et al., 2009), and French women are told to abstain but many have not heard that message (Toutain, 2010). women hoping to become pregnant are advised to avoid all alcohol. As for FAE, hyperactivity and slow learning are so common that FAE cannot be blamed for every case.Ĭurrently, U.S. If occasional drinking during pregnancy always caused FAS, almost everyone born in Europe before 1980 would be affected. FAS is more apparent when women are poorly nourished and cigarette smokers (Abel, 2009). However, some pregnant women drink alcohol with no evident harm to the fetus. Later in pregnancy, alcohol is a behavioral teratogen, the cause of fetal alcohol effects (FAE), leading to hyperactivity, poor concentration, impaired spatial reasoning, and slow learning (Niccols, 2007 Streissguth & Connor, 2001). Early in pregnancy, an embryo exposed to heavy drinking can develop fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which distorts the facial features (especially the eyes, ears, and upper lip).